Modernity and theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advancement and hypothesis - Essay Example All the more explicitly, the cutting edge time is commonly considered to have started at some point somewhere in the range of 1870 and 1970. Some further limit advancement to the 1910-1960 period, after which the post-current time is said to have begun. Innovation began as a predominant well known social demeanor in Western Europe during about the seventeenth century (which along these lines built up an overall impact). Innovation is portrayed by changes in the economy-the appearance of industrialism and free enterprise, with social class as the fundamental type of social division. Advancement is portrayed likewise by urbanization, or the fast birth and development of urban communities. Innovation additionally implies changes in government-the legislature is presently incorporated and, in actuality, all the more impressive (despite the fact that advancement likewise implies commonly more capacity to the individual).In advancement there is additionally an ascent when all is said in done information society turns out to be progressively normal and logical, and the reliance on religion and odd notion is less. As per Peter Berger, among the attributes of innovation are the deterioration of customary networks, the expanding of individual opportunity and decision, the broadening of convictions, and the future-arranged or progress-driven disposition of society by and large.

Franciso De Zurbaran Essays - Annunciation In Christian Art

Franciso De Zurbaran Essays - Annunciation In Christian Art Franciso De Zurbaran The Annunciation: A Painting by Francisco de Zurbaran Centerpieces can best be acknowledged when the components of plan, the standards of structure, and the iconography of the work are watched and comprehended. The Annunciation, a canvas by the Spanish craftsman Francisco de Zurbaran, is a show-stopper that joins both the components and standards of plan. The iconography of the composition is vital just as its tasteful quality. The capacity to make an image of The Annunciation in ones brain is a key factor in understanding the investigation of the work. Francisco de Zurbaran approaches the work of art with a naturalistic style. The work of art includes a room wherein a lady like holy messenger is seen at the left bowing on the ground before the Virgin Mary. The figure of Mary is put between a seat and a little wooden table hung with a green fabric. Mary dismisses an open Bible on the table, as she seems grave while gazing at the floor. Gliding over the two primary figures in the upper left half of the work of art are seraphs laying on a bed of mists. They joyfully look down at Mary with eyes from Heaven. The Annunciation utilizes components of configuration to make an outwardly satisfying picture. The visual components comprise of light, shading, surface, shape, and line. The utilization of light is one of the most apparent components in this composition. The wellspring of light isn't legitimately obvious in the composition, however shows up as a brilliant other-worldly host skimming over the two principle figures. Light stresses the light complexion of the Angel and Mary as the two of them look down towards a shadowy floor. Light additionally mirrors the open Bible on the table recommending accentuation on the sacredness of Mary. The remainder of the room remains frightfully dim and dull. Shading is utilized to cause to notice significant characters and items in the artistic creation. The red of Marys shirt stresses her place as the primary figure. A brilliant, yellow cloud coasting over the room represents the delight of the celestial figures. De Zurbaran utilizes warm hues in the frontal area. The room, utilized as the foundation for the scene, is painted in dim hues using various tints of dim and earthy colored. A spectator can likewise get a feeling of surface in this canvas. The Angel seems to have padded wings, smooth skin, and delicate hair. Window hangings that hang above Mary have a full and characterized feel to them. The green decorative spread on the little table before Mary has an inferred luxurious surface. The cloud by the seraphs has a delicate, cushion like appearance. The pervasiveness of surface backings De Zurbaran s utilization of authenticity in this work of art. Perception of the standards of configuration utilized in The Annunciation permits a more prominent gratefulness for the artistic creation. The five standards of configuration incorporate parity, accentuation and point of convergence, solidarity and assortment, extent and scale, and beat. Equalization and accentuation and point of convergence are the dominating standards utilized by Francisco de Zurbaran. The artwork shows up lopsidedly adjusted, which implies that the different sides of the image are not accurate resemblances however appear to funds receivable to comparative visual weight. The Angel on the left and Mary on the privilege are comparative in size. The two figures face towards the focal point of the image yet are isolated by a raised advance that Mary is bowing on. The ruddy pink shaded window ornament holding tight the correct side adjusts the cloud on the left side. A green scarf worn by the Angel and the green decorative spread additionally give comparative visual wei ght. An open entryway out of sight at the focal point of the room appears to make an imperceptible line down the focal point of the composition. De Zurbaran s utilization of point of convergence and accentuation is handily recognized in this artistic creation. The fundamental point of convergence is the two figures, the Virgin Mary and the Angel. This accentuation is made using light. The optional point of convergence is the saintly figures on the cloud over the Angel and Mary. The brilliance of the shading yellow points out the onlooker s them. When all is said in done, most objects of light qualities in The Annunciation have accentuation due to the

US Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

US Government - Essay Example Be that as it may, there are a great deal of contentions related with the foundation of ICC. These contentions have made a complex political nature of International claims which in the end has made considerations for cure (Carroll 21). The U.S government and the Israelis were hesitant to consent to the arrangement intended to endorse the advancement of the worldwide criminal court. This is on the grounds that the two states expected that the ICC would be a danger to their inner circumstances. For example, they expected that their warriors would be arraigned because of war wrongdoings. What's more, other state likewise considered ICC to be a danger because of the presentation of crossover methods. Be that as it may, all these policy centered issues prompted multifaceted nature in taking care of universal preliminaries (Carroll 21). The International criminal court does procedures that are confronted with a ton of issues. The first is that their preliminaries are long and costly. Be that as it may, as a worldwide network we ought to take care of this issue through utilization of Guilty requests. These are the affirmation of accountability by an individual blamed for a wrongdoing. Much of the time an investigator in the universal criminal court can be permitted to have an influence in supplication deal. For this situation, the investigator will consent to lessen discipline or accuses consequently of blameworthy supplication. This liable supplication is significant on the grounds that it helps in staying away from confounded, costly and protracted preliminaries. Furthermore, the universal criminal court will abstain from devouring assets and will help in taking care of a sizable caseload and managing complex cases (Carroll 23). The subsequent issue is that the International Criminal Court neglects to perceive the essential privileges of the charged people. So as to take care of this issue, the arrangement of methods utilized in the ICC ought to incorporate the essential privileges of the blamed people (Carroll 22). These rights incorporate assumption of honesty, the option to realize the proof utilized by the examiner, the option to stay quiet, the

Sample Nursing Essay about Euthanasia

Sample Essay about Euthanasia Euthanasia is still a very delicate topic to discuss. People all over the world have divergent opinions on it with some supporting this practice and others opposing it. Some of these stands have no concrete facts to support them; the public always comments about it based on their personal opinions. Some of the staunch opponents of euthanasia are the religious leaders who would never accept any statement that seeks to explain the positive concept of euthanasia. An article entitled â€Å"Euthanasia Is a Bad Law by Bad People† appeared on The Sydney Morning Herald website on 1st February 2011. The article’s title is a quote from the speech of the Bishop of Parramatta, Anthony Fisher. During a mass at St Mary's Cathedral, he strongly opposed euthanasia saying that bad laws are often made by bad people and in turn make people bad (Leesha, Para 4 ). The Bishop went ahead and gave a warning to the legal fraternity that euthanasia was against the ideals of justice and charity, and thus it would corrupt the society (Leesha, Para 1). Bishop Anthony also added that even if such a proposal went ahead and gained a parliamentary majority support, it shall still not be right (Leesha, Para3). In Bishop’s sentiments, a lot of fallacies can be pointed out. For instance, when he said that ''Bad laws are usually made by bad people and in turn make people bad'', he overlooked a lot of facts for he has not done any investigation to find out if all the proponents of euthanasia are bad people or whether embracing the concept of euthanasia makes people bad. In his comments, Bishop Anthony was solely motivated by his emotions and feelings but not by any scientifically proven concept. Thus, he should have simply said that the concept is not right without referring to supporters as bad people. The Bishop also said that parliamentary support would not make euthanasia right without taking into account that parliament consists of the law makers who make laws that are right before the Constitution. He did not realize that members of the parliament are professionals in law making; hence, they cannot make laws that may hurt the citizens. The Bishop also pointed out that legalizing e uthanasia is â€Å"the killing of those who suffer by those who are okay, of the vulnerable by those in power, of the sick by those professed to heal them† (Leesha, Para 9). These opinions are full of fallacy for euthanasia is only used to those patients who willed so or those whose relatives have formally requested the procedure. In fact, the main aim of euthanasia is to relieve the dying from unnecessary pain. In response to Bishop Anthony’s utterances, a NSW Greens MP, Cate Faehrmann, said that the Bishop’s remarks were a case of an â€Å"out-of-touch commentator driven by out-of-touch ideology† (Leesha, Para 8). This sentence is a fallacy as Mr. Anthony might have been wrong or insensitive in his comments, but he may not be an out-of-touch commentator with an outdated ideology. Even if the Bishop was wrong about euthanasia, not all of his ideas may be irrelevant. In another scenario that also involves the topic of euthanasia, Dr. Kevin Fitzpatrick, an anti-euthanasia advocate, responded to a speech by Professor Etienne Vermeersch on CNN website (Kevin n.p.). From his written article, it is evident that he was irritated by the professors’ comments. Both Kevin and the Professor’s sentences are full of fallacy; for instance, Professor Etienne is quoted saying that any man without arms or legs is rather dead than living (Kevin, Para 3). This opinion is not sensible at all, because there are many people who lack various body parts but still have a normal life. The professor is speaking on their behalf without their authorization, which, as a result, gives the sense of inaccurate information. Mr. Kevin, on the other hand, shows some fallacy. He writes that the Professor said that â€Å"Disabled people, old people, adults made vulnerable by terminal illnesses inclusive of the children are being told that their lives are not worth livi ng† (Kevin, Para 1). He is putting it in a way that would imply that all the disabled, elderly, vulnerable, and children can be just euthanized without their consent, something which the Professor might have not meant.    In another article entitled â€Å"Belgium’s Parliament Votes Through Child Euthanasi† posted on British Broadcasting Corporation website on 14 February 2014, Duncan Crawford reports on Belgium’s legalization of child euthanasia and the general public’s reaction towards the new enactment. The opponents argue that children do not have the permission to take away their lives, and thus the law is not right (Duncan, Para 4). As much as it true that children cannot decide whether to die or live, it is a fallacy to say that they should be left to suffer to death even after the confirmation that their chances for survival are nil. In some instances, if those children could speak, they would request for euthanasia. As it has been observed, the same article indicates that one man in the public gallery of Belgium's parliament yelled †murderer† in French when the vote was passed (Duncan, Para 8). That statement is fallacious in nature for the speaker canno t provide any evidence to legitimize his argument. The concept of euthanasia was introduced to help both the patients and their suffering families. Therefore, it does not qualify as a murder when it is done for a medical reason and with the consent of the relatives and according to the patient’s will. Buy nursing essay about  euthanasia from professional writers !    Blog tags:Euthanasia

A Better Relationship Between Aboriginal And Non...

Throughout this whole journey of studying AB100, the one goal I have always had was to form a better relationship between myself and those of the Aboriginal community. It wasn’t until I started studying that I realised that this is a shared goal, with organisations having the goal to promote reconciliation. The reason I want to develop a better relationship with the Aboriginal community is not because it’s something to study but more because it is something to undertake. This assessment allowed me the opportunity to do just that by discussing the problems and coming up with original concepts and actions to make a difference where I could. My actions may not be the mighty revolutionary component to creating a better relationship and respect between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. But the point is I did something, no matter how small, I created awareness amongst the people close to me and created knowledge and relationships for myself and gained a deeper sense of respect and trust towards the Indigenous. My primary goal for this assessment alone was to create awareness and from that inspire the people I know and to break down stereotypes and discrimination to achieve the end goal of equality. Even after I finish this course it will still be important to me as throughout my life and career as a nurse I will be engaging with Aboriginals and to have the knowledge of how to engage and collaborate with them will be something to value. Not only that but also there is everyShow MoreRelatedNational Public Inquiry Of The United Federal Government And The Fist Nations949 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral missing and murdered aboriginal women, but also to take the necessary steps towards the renewal of the relationship between the Canadian Federal Government and the Fist Nations (Mas, 2015). Notably, Trudeau claimed the 2016 budget would include an increase in the funding towards aboriginal education (Mas, 2015). Past governments had imposed a strict limi t of 2% on said funds (Mas, 2015), a restriction that was undoubtedly harmful to the already dwindling aboriginal life conditions. As PerryRead MoreSteps to Improving the Socioeconomic Conditions of the Aboriginal Population in Canada1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe aboriginal people live in reserves that are rich in minerals like oil and gas. Their traditional beliefs cannot allow them to benefit from an economic venture like mining. They believe that Mother Nature should and needs to be protected. In a bid to do so, they have rules against exploitation of nature like modern mining. This puts their traditional values at odds with economical developments like mining. This leaves them in a dilapidated state as poverty kicks in (Wilson and Macdonald, 2000)Read MoreEssay1331 Words   |  6 PagesSuccessful Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island pedagogy requires efficient context knowledge as well as the knowledge of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island students learning needs. The topics covered will include Indigenous placement and displacement, the impact of socio-economic status on Indigenous students and the health and wellness of Indigenous students with the focus being on whole school and classroom practices, with examples of resources, to support teaching Indigenous students. IndigenousRead MoreAcknowledgement To Country. 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Especially the impact of the Indian Act, which led so many children to suffer as they were abused physically, emotionally, spiritually, and mentally while attending the Residential Schools. Thus, it is important to heal the relationship and come to a point where non-NativesRead MoreThe Long Journey Undertaken By Indigenous Australians1442 Words   |  6 Pagesindigenous / white relationship as it offers numerous support systems for the indigenous, from the government. Another example of such positive steps is seen in 2008, when the then Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd made an emotional speech to apologise to the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders for the terrible suffering and heart wrenching battle they have experienced before, during and long after the Stolen Generation occurred. Though the relationship between the Indigenous and the non-indigenous hasRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Indigenous Australians And Torres Strait Islanders Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesAustralians were based on social-Darwinist theories (Harrison Sellwood, 2016). However, contemporary stereotypes might be attributed to ignorance of Australia’s past paternalistic colonialism on contemporary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Stereotypes negatively impact the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This is clear in constructing i dentity, and the expectations others have of Indigenous Australians. Identity is often constructed based on affiliations with particular groupsRead MoreThe Socio Economic Disadvantage Faced By Indigenous People1687 Words   |  7 Pagesremained at more than twice this level, with even higher rates reported in remote communities† (RACGP, 2013) The inequality that has been faced by Indigenous people is still at an unacceptable level, and has â€Å"been identified as a human rights concern by the United Nations† (Dick, 2007). Smoking is a major issue because, â€Å"it is the most preventable contributor to the gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples† (Ivers, 2011). â€Å"Smoking contributes to 17% of the life expectancyRead MoreIndigenous Literacies And Aboriginal English1461 Words   |  6 Pagesliteracies and Aboriginal English in your classroom? It is vital for teachers to recognise indigenous literacies and aboriginal English in all classrooms as it builds a sense of equality and a non-discriminating environment. As a future teacher I believe that it is my role to create a classroom that mirrors these key factors, as it will build the foundations for a nourishing learning environment. This type of learning environment will aid in linking the students parents and the surrounding community togetherRead MoreRemote Areas Of Australia When Accessing Maternal Health Services1694 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal Access to Maternal Services Introduction Australia is among the developed countries in the world. The provision of health care services in the country is among the best in the world. Barclay et al. (2014) note that Australia features in the top ten best countries to give birth in. However, despite the impressive health statistics, there remains a wide gap between the indigenous and non-indigenous community. Report by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) reveals the rate of

Effects of Energy Drinks - 1114 Words

Are Energy Drinks Safe? Whether it is a long night studying or just not ready for the day, college students choose to drink energy drinks to get full energy. These highly caffeinated drinks come with stimulating names such as Red Bull, Monster, Full Throttle, or Rockstar. Although these drinks are marketed as a healthful stimulant, consumers should be aware of the potential side effects, as they can be very harmful to one’s health. Energy drinks are beverages whose producers advertise that they â€Å"boost energy†. These advertisements usually do not emphasize energy derived from the sugar they contain, but rather increased energy is due to a variety of stimulants, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Energy drinks generally contain†¦show more content†¦Like a shock to the system, an energy drink can give your body a caffeinated jolt. According to an article in ScienceDaily, â€Å"Researchers believe the caffeine and taurine levels in energy drinks could be responsible for increases in blood pressure and heart rate† (â€Å"Energy Drinks May Be Harmful To People With Hypertension, Heart Disease†). The increase in blood pressure and heart rate is known not to rise to dangerous levels among healthy individuals under the age of 30, but it could be significant in individuals with a cardiovascular disease of those with high blood pressure. By drinking energy drinks in excess, researchers a lso say that energy drinks could lead to heart complications. Along with increased heart rate, energy drinks dehydrate the body. The caffeine in energy drinks acts as a diuretic and promotes dehydration. Energy drinks are formulated to boost energy, not to replace lost fluid during exercise like sports drinks do. During exercise, your body is constantly losing water through sweat. Also, the high amounts of caffeine stimulate urine production, which removes more water from the body. It is important for you to keep your body hydrated if you are drinking energy drinks. In addition, college students are going to extremes by mixing energy drinks and alcohol. Red Bull and vodkas and Four Lokos have become popular mixed drinks at bars because they reduce the fatigue of alcohol while enhancing the â€Å"feel good† buzz.Show MoreRelatedEnergy Drinks And Its Effects On Society1546 Words   |  7 Pagesare a lot of media coverage for energy drinks. Energy drinks are a drink intended t o boost mental energy, typically containing sugar and caffeine or other stimulants. If you look around there are commercials for energy drinks everywhere on billboards and at stores. 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First, from what it understand the amount of caffeine is 100-200Read MoreThe Effects Of Energy Drinks On The Human Body845 Words   |  4 PagesThe effects of energy drinks once poured in the human body Once you consume an energy drink your whole body is affected including you brain, your bloodstream, your heart, and your skin. Energy drinks are really bad for you if you drink it a lot; they say it could affect how you work out because energy drinks lead to sugar crashes. You don’t want to work out and in the middle of your work out, you get tired all of the sudden, if you drink one after you work out you would just get tired and youRead MoreEnergy Drinks and the Effects on Adolescents and Academics1121 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly consumed energy drink brands were; Rockstï‚ «r Energy Drink, Monster Energy, Red Bull Energy Drink, Redline Extreme Energy, and Amp Energy Boost Original Sugar Free. These energy drinks all have similar ingredients with varying amounts of caffeine and â€Å"blend† combinations. Caffeine Caffeine is a psychoactive drug and potentially deadly in large amounts, especially for adolescents (Hershorin, Lipschulz, Schaechter Seifert, 2011). Caffeine is one the most common energy drink ingredients andRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeinated Energy Drinks On Athletes Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesThis study targets the physical effect of caffeinated energy drinks on athletes in team sports, primarily the capacity of the participants to perform repeated sprints during a simulated match. Caffeine is a natural central nervous system stimulant. It is considered a drug that if is overly consumed can be dangerous for one’s body. Caffeine is a temporary energy booster that improves mood and alertness for most people, mainly athletes. It can be an eye-opener in the morning, could be drunk or eatenRead MoreThe Effects Of Soda, Sports Drinks And Energy Drinks On The Enamel Of A Persons Teeth1094 Words   |  5 Pagescontain added sugars and acid, but what effects does this sugar and acid have on our tooth enamel? Are sports drinks better for you than soda? This paper will discuss the effects of soda, sports drinks and energy drinks on the enamel of a person’s teeth, what is enamel and why is it important. Dental erosion is a chronic loss of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid. Most people would believe that the sugar in drinks was the main reason for the damage to theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Energy Drink Deprivatio n On Concentration And Perseverance2374 Words   |  10 Pagesthe effects of energy drinks on two cognitive abilities- concentration and perseverance. College students were tested on both a concentration task and a perseverance task after one of three levels of energy drink and coffee intake: none, 6 hours, or 12 hours. We predicted that energy drinks would impair both concentration scores and perseverance time. Energy drinks deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores, which is consistent with recent research on the effects of energy drinkRead MoreThe Effects Of Popular Energy Drinks On Young Adults And Teenagers1410 Words   |  6 PagesPopular energy drinks, such as Rockstar, 5-Hour Energy, and Monster are consumed by individuals, as a way to remain cognizant, as well as alert, throughout their day. Many of the people consuming these drinks are young adults and teenagers. These people are oftentimes overwhelmed and busy. The Centers for Disease Control and Pre vention website, states, â€Å"Energy drinks are beverages that typically contain caffeine, other plant-based stimulants, simple sugars, and other additives. They are very popularRead MoreEffects Of Energy Drink Consumption On All Age Groups Are Real And Impacts1613 Words   |  7 Pageslimited English sources dated 2005 to 2010, energy drinks have become more popular among teenagers and young adults (Rath, 2012). SixWise.com’s (2008) article â€Å"What is really in a hot dog?† provided evidence that just because the product is purchased by the public does not automatically mean it is beneficial long term (Wyrick). This new craze of energy drinks has the world consuming them at a staggering rate. The debates concerning the effects among energy drink consumption in all age groups are realRead MoreEnergy drinks mixed with alcohol: the interactive effects on risk-taking behavior, alcohol priming and related negative consequences4173 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿ Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: the interactive effects on risk-taking behavior, alcohol priming and related negative consequences School of Social Science SLSY100: Psychology 100 Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: the interactive effects on risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and related negative consequences Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between risk-taking propensity; AmED use and the effects these variables had overall

Economic Cooperation and Development - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic Cooperation and Development. Answer: Introduction Subsidies are benefits offered by the government to sectors of the economy, individuals or groups. Notably, most governments have offered subsidies in a bid to revive or expand various industries in their economies. Predominantly, subsidies have impacted positively and negatively on the economy and its inhabitants. Similarly, subsidies in the Agricultural, automobile and solar and wind industry are no exception. However, the effectiveness of the subsidies is subjective to each industry. Further, reductions in subsidies have negatively affected the economy and inhabitants of individual countries. Positive Effects of subsidies in Australia Noteworthy, the Australian government has proposed availability of financial assistance to low-income farmers similar to start-up allowance to the unemployed through the Farm Household Allowance. Further, the condition for the allowance to encourage future preparedness and better farm management. This subsidy is aimed at bettering the economic livelihood of farmers and their families while securing future agricultural viability (Freebairn, 2014) Moreover, the subsidy during the drought season has created wealth redistribution among the Australian people. Consequently, farming policies have an effect on the overall population because government revenue collected through taxation is part of the subsidy expenditure. Mostly, large-scale farmers benefit more from subsidies as compared to small time farmers. Overall, the citizens of each country have to pay taxes to support government expenditure and programs (Reidl, 2007) Notably, most member countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development have implemented car industry subsidies through subsidized credit facilities and bonuses for the purchase of new models of cars in a bid to replace the old automotive models. Further, this has encouraged the production of energy-efficient automobiles through the various subsidy packages. Notably, In Australia, the scrapping system involves tax deductions by 50% deduction for assets cost between December 2008 to 31 December 2009.Moreover,30% deduction cost on asset bought before June and July 2009. Noteworthy, the Australian Automotive industry has been boosted by the Implementation of the Automotive Transformation Scheme since the year 2008.The scheme has been incorporated to boost innovative initiates in the industry through offering financial support to research and development efforts.Further,$1.0b has been set aside to boost manufacturing and supply company operations .Also, the implementation of the growth fund by the government of Australia has helped maintain employment opportunities in Victoria. Moreover, Holden and Toyota firms have also contributed to the growth fund to stir investment and economic progress (Lee, n.d.) Also, employment subsidies, training, and equipment have been provided by the Australian government to boost worker skills and performance in the automobile industry through its employment Pathway fund thus maintaining job employment opportunities while promoting efficiency and productivity through training and better equipment in the automobile industry in Australia. Further, technological advancement has been propelled in the Australian automotive industry through the manufacturing transition program. Through government funding of $50 million. Significantly, competitiveness of Australian Automotive products has been boosted through this transition grants scheme. Also, more energy efficient automobiles were purchased during that time thereby promoting environmental sustainability and increasing government revenue at the time.Further,some OECD governments have availed loans and subsidies to car manufacturers firms directly to encourage more quality production and boost their individual revenues by reducing their production costs through loan accessibility. Noteworthy, General motors received loans and subsidies from the United States Government to reconstrure (OECD, n.d.) Moreover, the use of subsidies has encouraged research and development thus the technological advancements in the field of agriculture(Clay,2013)In addition, the availability of subsidies and grants in the automobile industry in Australia has promoted efficiency, productivity and high-quality production of automobiles hence promoting global competitiveness and promoting energy efficient automobiles thus sustainability and environmental conservation(Lee,n.d)Also, diversification has been a product of government subsidy funding through the Australian Diversification program which has equipped automobile suppliers with an easy product transition. Noteworthy, the implementation of subsidies has prevented the collapse of some industries and dislocation of economic prospects in some industries (Janda,2013) Subsidies have maintained employment opportunities in industries which without the injection of subsidies would have closed permanently. In Australia, the mining and automotive industry is struggling and due to government intervention through subsidy packages has kept them afloat. Notably, the Australian government invested $5.4 b in sustaining the automobile industry since 2008. Effects of Solar and Wind Energy Subsidies. Globally, wind and solar energy methods are being adopted due to their environmental friendliness. Notably, in Australia, 42% of the total energy is through solar and wind energy.Predominantly,wind and solar subsidies have created employment opportunities for the unemployed in Australia. Further, government subsidies on solar and wind has encouraged private investors into the wind and solar energy industry(Loomborg,2015).Negatively, expansion of wind and solar facilities through easy availability of subsidies has made prices for power to be threefold expensive. The population ends up paying for power, subsidies for inefficient renewables and fossils fuels that are inefficient. Sustainability is one of the benefits of involving subsidies into the wind and solar energy because here investments is self-sustaining due to the present and future availability of solar and wind.Inevitably, wind and solar are current and future conditions that once s established will go away to conserve the environment and provide friendly energy supply. (Maehlum, 2014)Further, environment friendliness of solar and wind power energy has been expanded by government subsidies to providers of solar and wind power energy. Implementation of subsidies has enabled easy and affordable access to electricity by both rich and poor thereby promoting equity and redistribution of income through electricity charges. Standard electricity charges powered by solar and wind energy has proven the equality of charges despite the income disparities among Australian electricity consumers. However, transparency and accountability of subsidies allocation, distribution and are hardly attainable in most industries globally and Australia is no exception (Mineral Council of Australia, 2015)Also, the cost of subsidies in the electricity sector in Australia is borne by electricity users which is a burden to some electricity consumers due to income disparities. Notably, electrical surcharges are a cost transference from the government to consumers through electricity use. The government seeks to recover subsidy costs from electricity users in Australia. Significantly, most agricultural based subsidies in Australia are drought based. The seasonality of the subsidies has hampered agricultural quality and produce during most cycles of the year due to its centrality on drought times. Further, these seasonal subsidies are viewed as solely benefiting private individuals and spreading the losses socially.Also, reduced return variations are inevitable over a period of time. Notably, redistribution of national resources which are scarce is reduced to lower value use. Also, these seasonal subsidies have discouraged active future planning of the adverse conditions of nature thereby slowing agricultural adaptability. Arguably, agricultural subsidies are credited for reducing global prices for agricultural produce (Clay, 2013) Further, poverty and unfair profits between large and small scale farmers has been attributed to the high cost of subsidies in the United States of America. Moreover, subsidies are a disincentive for efficiency. Also, agricultural subsidies are overused through excessive use of fertilizers and chemicals thereby distorting the environment, food and national security (Clay, 2013)Inappropriate subsidy use results into inefficiency and unsustainability of the agricultural sector. Also, low economic growth can be affected by continued use of subsidies in agriculture. Sometimes, the abrupt unavailability of subsidies can hamper industry operations and individual firms in that industry (Valenzuela,2014)Notably, the Ford group in Australia is winding up its operations by 2017 thus translating to a loss of employment opportunities and revenue loss for the Australian government. Inevitably, subsidies contribute to market inefficiency and reduced welfare socially.Similarly, Toyota and Holden companies in Australia are contemplating closure in the eventuality that subsidies are not availed to then thus the assertion that lack of subsidies could prompt closure of some firms. Consequently, with the closure of automobile firms like Holden and Toyota then a substantial population of Australia are likely to lose their jobs(Kohler,2013)Subsequently, global automobile production is likely to reduce following the closure of global major car manufacturers. Despite the influx of subsidies, the automobile industry in Australia s future doesnt seem bright thus the assertion that subsidies are not always effective in boosting a collapsing industry (Kafla and Gollan,2012)Further, job opportunities in the manufacturing industry are decreasing as opposed to growing. Evidently, the automobile manufacturing industry in Australia is unlikely to sustain its operations without the subsidies thereby questioning the effectiveness of subsidies being injected into this sector(Kafla and Gallen,2012)Further ,some economists argue that the automotive sector in Australia shouldn't receive subsidies because it is considered expensive for tax payers and unlikely to revive the declining manufacturing sector(Australian Associated Press,2014)Subsidies ought to be replaced by economic and regulatory measures and policies. Subsidies are not always effective in solving industry problems. Positive effects of Subsidies Noteworthy, the European Union Agricultural policy boosted the farmers income. Notably, Common Agricultural Policy contributed 3b to the United Kingdom totaling to about 55% of its farmer's income. Thus the income rise of farmers due to subsidies being available under the European Union(Bloomberg,2016)Environmentally, most agricultural subsidies have made positive impacts(Cropsite,2015)Noteworthy, organic agriculture incentives have preserves soil fertility and promoted healthy produce, helped maintain fresh air quality and reduction in the volume of greenhouse gases thus promoting biodiversity. Significantly, financial incentives to farmers have promoted environmental conservation. Noteworthy, environment based incentives have caused an increase in bird population and low greenhouses gas emissions from the agriculture industry. Further, innovative incentives have progressed the research and development activities in agriculture. Also, income increase for farmers in most European countries has increased revenue for both government and farmer households(Godsen,2016)Notably, the Common Agricultural Policy offers financial aid to 12million farmers in the European territory. Significantly, the agricultural policy has increased global market prices for agricultural produce which translates into income revenue increase for farmers thus improving the economic living standards of farmers. Further, through the policy,There's been increase in production of agricultural produce thus meaning food security for most countries in the world, through import and exports(Godsen,2015)Also, the exit of Britain from the European Union has made subsidies injection to significantly drop hence some agri-based ventures have closed and unemployment opportunities reduced. In addition, a research and development capacity in the United Kingdom has greatly decreased due to the funding shortage from the common agricultural policy. Due to the impact of the common agricultural policy benefits the United kingdoms productivity and agricultural competitiveness will reduce due to the lack of substantial subsidies and incentives from the European Union membership regime(Krasniqi,2016)Further, high subsidies has distorted the global market thus causing hiked prices for agricultural produce. For instance, a Switzerland high subsidy by its government has made productivity levels to decrease and meat price hikes. However, Australia has low subsidies thus it has a sustainable agricultural industry. Following the exit of Britain from the European Union, farmers are likely to face tough times due to the possible discontinuance of the common Agricultural Policy(Bloomberg,2016)However, the United Kingdom government has committed to mitigating financial challenges of farmers following its falling out with the European Union. Availability of subsidies has been blamed for hampering agricultural production due to the fact that in the United kingdom subsidies and funds are allocated to each farmer according to what they produce which some view as a disincentive for encouraging further production but stagnating it. In addition, subsidies may not go along the way to boost the agricultural production in the case of unfavorable and unsustainable agricultural climates and land. Subsidies are likely to have a major impact in the case where agriculture has been adequately invested in terms of land, infrastructure, climate,storage facilities and available market. Further, subsidies offered due to membership such as Commonwealth or the European Union is likely to distort the stability of farmers dependent on those membership grants. For instance, farmers in Britain following the Brexit. Further, subsidies are considered a short-term solution to farming problems. Arguably, subsidies ought to boost agriculture where a farmer is adequately trained and skilled in agriculture, has the ability to handle environmental challenges and has the ability to adapt innovative and creative ways to deal with farming-related problems. However, most farmers are inadequately prepared to handle environmental and workplace challenges hence resulting into poor agricultural performance despite the subsidies availed to him or her. Eventually, agricultural productivity and mass and quality production requires farmers to have a certain skillset despite subsidies. Also, availability of subsidies has created overdependence by most farmers thus the challenge when economic terms are hard. Naturally, subsidies should be view as an aid to agriculture and not a dependent factor by farmers worldwide. Overdependence on subsidies has encouraged laziness, poor economic decisions by farmers thereby translating to low quality, low produce levels thereby discouraging growth and innovation of agriculture. Also, reduced income may result in cases where subsidies are withdrawn. For instance, Brexit exist may affect the Common Agricultural policy contribution to the United Kingdom farmers (Godsen, 2015) Subsequently, the unavailability of subsidies can lead to unemployment opportunities due to the closure of major automobile manufacturers dependent on subsidies. Notably, Ford Australia has laid off 44O workers following its winding up operations(Bolsworth,2012).Also, accessibility of subsidies to automobile firms has encouraged competitiveness due to research and development activities by individual firms in the industry. Usually, large-scale companies are likely to engage in research and development initiatives due to their large economies of scale and other merits. Similarly, through subsidies, smaller automobile firms have been able to engage in research and development activities thereby boosting efficiency and productivity. According to most economists, automobile subsidies does have many positive impacts instead it increases taxation burden for the citizens whereas its positive impacts are short lived. Further, some economists argue that subsidies in various industries are for political reasons and favorability thus uplifting certain industries at the expense of other industries (Kohler, 2012) Compensation for the automotive industry in the United Kingdom is an example of how costly compensation for subsidies can be. Following the Exit of Britain from the European Union, the government of the United Kingdom has to pay automobile industry due to the Brexit exportation tariffs. Noteworthy, the Nissan Motor automaker claims compensation before making any commitments to further investing in the United Kingdom through a compensation guarantee(Bergin,2016)According to Kevin Farnsworth an author on government subsidies, government subsidies to the automotive industry following the Brexit would be the most expensive in the history of the United Kingdom thereby increasing tax burden on citizens. Notably, the quantity of subsidy affects the pricing of commodities invested in thereby directly affecting consumers. According to the Guardian, the solar power capacity fell following the 65% budget cut(Vaughan,2016)Predominantly, the subsidy cut was motivated by the need to lessen cost burden on electricity consumers. The subsidy cut has discouraged further investment into the solar and wind market in the United Kingdom due to the less financial incentives available to new entrants into the industry. However, energy prices are consumer friendly. Positively, subsidy cuts have been able to reduce cost burdens on consumers of electricity(Mathiesen,2016)However, on and industry development point of view, subsidy cuts will slow down the growth of solar and wind energy in the United Kingdom. Further, unemployment opportunities have increased due to subsidy cuts which have limited the operation capacities for most solar and wind energy plants in Australia. Inevitably, the confidence of investors to venture into the solar and wind power energy industry is shaken by government subsidy cuts and deductions whereas the reverse is true. Remarkedly, solar and wind power subsidies have boosted the electricity supply thereby causing a drop in the energy prices.Undoubtedly,low energy prices are consumer pocket-friendly.Notably, power stations in the United Kingdom are offering their power for sale. Friendly energy prices are attributed to renewable sources of energy. However, less energy prices could in turn translate to low government revenue but on the bright side most of the United Kingdom population will have affordable access to basic power. Notably, the United Kingdom has 22 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity (Mathieson, 2016).Further, the expansion of the wind and a solar energy firm through subsidies has afforded job opportunities to a portion of United Kingdoms population. Subsequently, employment opportunities have been lost through the subsidy cuts and lost of investment capital and infrastructure belonging to investors rendered obsolete with the winding up of solar and wind energy firms in the United Kingdom (Kemp, 2015).Predominantly, this has been attributed to government percentage withdrawal of incentives. However, the United Kingdom intends to make its industry subsidy free by the year 2020.Also, green energy pricing levels have gone down since the year 2008.Positively, the windfarm construction in Cornwall has created job opportunities in Cornwall without any government subsidy. Further, the withdrawal of government subsidies has discouraged future prospects of investors into the United Kingdom economy with the mothballing of projects and company closures. Conclusion Undeniably, the implementation of subsidies in various sectors of the economy of Australia and the United Kingdom has had both negative and positive effects. Some of the impacts of subsidies are temporary or permanent. In some cases, the subsidies havent been able to revive the industry, especially the automotive sectors in both Australia and the United Kingdom. However, the financial assistance by the government to the solar and wind energy sectors has decreased thereby causing investment anxiety among new and existing investors. Further, the reduction of subsidies has led to the closure of some companies and abandoned underway infrastructure which isnt good for economic growth. Arguably, subsidies are beneficial and distortive to economic growth. Overdependence on subsidies has led to collapse and decline in some key industries in most economies. References Australian Associated Press.(2014)Car Industry subsidies should end, says productivity commission.The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/31/car-industry-subsidies-end-productivity-commission[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bergin, T.(2016)Brexit Subsidies for Automakers could top $1.24 Billion. Auto news .[Online[Available at Http://europe.autonews.com/article/20161103/ANE/161109948/brexit-subsidies-for-automakers-could-top-$1.24-billion[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bloomberg (2016) UK Agriculture: Britains Farmers will need help after Brexit .Financial Times.[Online]Available at https://www.ft.com/content/df151906-6616-11e6-a08a-c7ac04ef00aa[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bosworth, M.(2012) Car subsidies: Throwing Good Money after Bad .ABC News.[Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-19/bosworth-car-subsidies/4141710[Accessed 8 May 2017] Clark, P.(2016)UK Power prices go negative as Renewables Boom Distorts market .Financial Times.[Online]Available at https://www.ft.com/content/5164675e-1e7e-11e6-b286-cddde55ca122[Accessed 8 May 2017] Clay, J.(2013)Are Agricultural subsidies causing more harm than good? The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/agricultural-subsidies-reform-government-support[Accessed 8 May 2017] Cropsite. (2015) Farm Environment subsidies have a positive effect. Crop site. [Online]Available at https://www.thecropsite.com/news/17684/farm-environment-subsidies-have-positive effect [Accessed 8 May 2017] Freebairn, J.(2014)Help Farmers with direct assistance rather than Subsidies .The Conversation.[Online]Available at https://theconversation.com/help-farmers-with-direct-assistance-rather-than-subsidies-23021[Accessed 8 May 2017] Godsen, E.(2016)What would Brexit mean for farmers and the Common Agricultural Policy?. The Telegraph.[Online]Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/13/what-would-brexit-mean-for-farmers-and-the-common-agricultural-p/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Harvey, F.(2016)Good energy promises UKs First Subsidy-free Wind farm. The Guardian.[Online ]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/02/good-energy-promises-uks-first-subsidy-free-windfarm[Accessed 8 may 2017] Kalfa, S and Gollan, P.(2012)Concentrating on the costs of the car industry means we are failing to see the Benefits. The Conversation.[Online]Available at https://theconversation.com/concentrating-on-the-costs-of-the-car-industry-means-we-are-failing-to-see-the-benefits-10503[Accessed 8 May 2017] Janda, M .(2013)Good Economics or not, auto subsidies should stay. ABC News. [Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-22/janda-auto-subsidies-should-stay-for-now/4640226[Accessed 8 May 2017] Kemp, M.G.(2015)UK Governments energy policy is self-destructive and bad for Scotland .BusinessforScotland. [Online]Available at https://www.businessforscotland.com/uk-governments-energy-policy-is-self-destructive-and-bad-for-scotland/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Krasnqi, F.(2016)Can removing subsidies in Farming be Positive after Brexit?. The Huffington Post.[Online]Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/fjona-krasniqi/can-removing-subsidies-in_b_12512046.html[Accessed 8 May 2017] Kohler, A.(2013) Subsidising the car industry to death. ABC News. [Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-16/kohler-car-industry/5025360[Accessed 8 May 2017] Lee, M.(n.d.)Automotive Industry Package: Budger Review 2014-15 Index. Parliament of Australia.[Online]Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201415/Automotive[Accessed 8 May 2017] Lomborg, B.(2015)Counting the cost of Wind and Solar .The Australian.[Online]Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/bjorn-lomborg/counting-the-cost-of-wind-and-solar/news-story/318ba96f7765c25792f1ff184051e8c6[Accessed 8 May 2017] Maehlum, A-M.(2014)Solar Energy Pros and Cons .Energy Informative.[Online]Available at https://energyinformative.org/solar-energy-pros-and-cons/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Mathiesen, K.(2015)How will government Subsidy Cut Impact the UK s Solar Industry. The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/22/how-will-government-subsidy-cuts-impact-the-uks-solar-industry[Accessed 8 May 2017] Minerals Council of Australia.(2015)Electricity Production subsidies in Australia. Mineral Council Of Australia.[Online]Available at https://www.minerals.org.au/file_upload/files/media_releases/Electricity_production_subsidies_in_Australia_FINAL.pdf[Accessed 8 May 2017] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.(n.d)The Automobile industry in and Beyond the crisis .Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.[Online]Available at https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/44089863.pdf[Accessed 8 May 2017] Reidl, B.(2007)How farm subsidies Harm taxpayers,consumers, and farmers, Too.The Heritage Foundation.[Online]Available at https://www.heritage.org/agriculture/report/how-farm-subsidies-harm-taxpayers-consumers-and-farmers-too[Accessed 8 May 2017] Valenzuela, R.(2014)How Industry Subsidies Work .The Sydney Morning Herald.[Online]Available at https://www.smh.com.au/national/education/how-industry-subsidies-work-20140206-325l7.html[Accessed 8 May 2017] Vaughan, A.(2016)UK Solar Power installations plummet after government cuts .The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/08/solar-installation-in-british-homes-falls-by-three-quarters-after-subsidy-cuts[Accessed 8 May 2017]

The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay Example For Students

The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay In this essay, the painting-The Execution of Maximilian I and the sculptural installation-The Execution of Christ have been selected to demonstrate how two artworks in different periods can have many similarities yet still hold true to their own beliefs, their relationship with the subject and his or their intended viewing audience to create a definitive style. A French impressionism artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, The Execution of Maximilian I (fig. 1),1868–69, oil on canvas, 99 3/16 x 118 7/8 (252 x 302 cm), Kunsthalle, Mannheim1 and Beijing-based artists, the Gao Brothers’ sculptural installation, The Execution of Christ (fig. ), 2009, bronze, life size, have been selected to represent the historical and contemporary works respectively. We will write a custom essay on The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In The Execution of Maximilian I, Manet depicts a contemporary event of political significance the fatal moment when the idealistic but naive archduke of Austria, Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, was executed alongside two of his generals by Benito Juarez’s Mexican forces in 1867. Clearly, he draws on the model of Goya’s earlier painting, The Third of May (fig. 4), 1808 in which2 the massacre of Spanish nationalists by invading French under the orders of Napoleon I. Hundred years later, the Gao Brothers appropriated from Edouard Manet’s The Execution of Maximilian and created The Execution of Christ (fig. 3). Both works show the executioners at right, the executed at left. But how the scenes are depicted, the tone and mood set by Manet and the Gao Brothers, are distinctly different. The reasons why both artists create the artworks: Before comparing the visual compositions of two artworks,I am going to discuss what causes them to create such works. Firstly, though not generally a politically motivated painter, Manet paint was inspired to make a statement about Maximilian’s execution. As a republican, he disapproved of Napoleon IIIs actions including the controversial French intervention in Mexico3. 4Maximilian, a member of the Hapsburg family of Austria, had been installed in power in Mexico by Napoleon III of France as a ‘puppet emperor’5 with aim of forcing Mexico to pay its foreign debts and establish a European presence there. 6 However, it became a failure miserably, ending with the execution of Maximilian and two of his generals by firing squad on June 19, 1867. It seems Manet was irritated and started work on the depiction of Maximilians execution soon after the first reports of it had reached Paris at the beginning of July 1867. Correspondingly, impact from their horrible family’s 7experience during China’s 1966-1967 Cultural Revolution8 and grievance towards Mao Zedong and the Chinese government, the Gao Brothers create works, notably The Execution of Christ, which ‘ranges from the political and satirical to questions of material and spiritual spaces, and takes a humanitarian stance that questions the role government and the individual play within contemporary Chinese society since 1985. ’ Thus, it can be seen that both of them are critical of the dark reign of the role governments and express their disdain for brutality of significant political incident or war through visual methods ironically, even though they are of different origin and in different period. Similarities and differences in visual compositions and tone: Since the composition of The Execution of Christ is a direct echo of The Execution of Maximilian as noted above, both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men. In The Execution of Maximilian I, there are 3 victims, who are the Emperor Maximilian (fig. ) in the center and his two Mexican ally-generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left facing 7 firing squad, and the former – in a show of dignity and loyalty – movingly clasps his hand in their final moment. Also, to a certain extent, the way Manet has set the scene seems oddly detached from the dreadful violence it implies. This is most obvious in the figure of the sarge on the right, who glances away indifferently and checks his musket while the shots are fired, and the line of rather apathetic spectators (fig. ) and greenery make up a fairly narrow slice of background, separated from the foreground by the high, cool-colored gray wall. To a certain purpose, the wall behind the execution is a bit like the scene of a bullfighting stadium10, suggesting Maximilian and the generals associated with another kind of ritual death. The implication is that Maximilian’s dea th, like his emperorship, was merely a spectacle. Figure 5 Maximilian and his generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left Figure 6 The spectators peers the execution over a high, cool-colored gray wall In other hand, in The Execution of Christ, a portrayal of Jesus replaces the figure of the emperor and it is the only victim placed in the scene. Also, the firing squad are re-made as 7 life size identical Chairman Maos. Meanwhile, the Gao Brothers retains the special setting from Manet’s painting- one of the firing squad stands on the far right checking his rifle, but without spectators over the wall. Instead, we,the appreciators are the spectators to look through the scene, the installation 11. .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postImageUrl , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:visited , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing "Arts of the Contact Zone" EssayEvidently, to a great extent, the above differences between Manet’s Execution and the Gao Brothers’ Execution lies on a simple change of medium, a painting to a piece of sculpture. Having said that, both works depict an similar execution scene, based on their own imagination, the tone of them are slightly different. Despite their aesthetic claims to objectivity, while Gao Brother’s work includes absolute heroes and villains, the tone of Manet’s work remains coolly ambiguous and implicitly critical of Napoleon III. The painting functions almost like reportage as Manet seems to resist taking a definitive stance on the controversial events surrounding Maximilian’s execution. Scholar, Bataille saw it was out of the sentiments,notably the indignation that Manet,a republican artist felt towards his emperor’s colonial machinations12. Scholar, George Hamilton also saw ‘nothing whatever’ to stir ‘our sympathies’13. Unlike Manet’s work, Gao Brother’s work functions as an ‘allegory of human emotions14’. Additionally, The Execution of Christ is more dramatic. Knowing the nature or story of Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao, we, viewers may find interesting in what the Gao brothers convey in their work, s a conflict of God verses a ‘pseudo-God’,a space between life and death, the secular and the religious, but also between presence and absence. What’s more, Manet’s work, it looks like a depiction of the instant of execution at first. Yet only General Mejia, to Maximilians right, seems to have been hit with his head bent backward since across his body, the smoke of the muskets is compacted in an ugly, dark grey to convey the thud of the bullets. Maximilian himself still alive, while the other general, Miramon, remains alert and was about to be the next executed . 15Beside him, the smoke drifts, dispersing in time, transparent in places to the wall behind. Manet shifts temporal as well as spatial relationships, showing us not only the instantaneous moment, but also the moment extended in slow motion, which is quite dynamic. Just the reverse, in Gao Brother’s work, the victim, Jesus hasn’t been executed yet. Whether Jesus will be executed depends on the far right Chairman Mao (fig. 7). As the firing squad pointing their rifles towards Jesus maybe deemed as deterrence to Jesus and Jesus peers down the barrels of eight rifles, it implies that death is present as a kind of sill and crux in which there is a potential for transition, rather than a end violence. Besides, the victims in both works look fearless. In The Execution of Maximilian, although Maximilian and two of his generals are clearly identifiable, comparing to the firing squad, their facial expressions appear vague and hazy. Yet, from their body languages, they seemed fearless facing towards death. Particularly, Maximilian stands slightly frontward his generals as if he is protecting them and his hat cocks upward to frame his head almost like ‘a martyr’s halo16’. Likewise, in The Execution of Christ, the protrusion of the disconcerting pain and sorrowful sadness arises through details of the scars and wrinkles on the face of Jesus (fig. 8). He is petite and barely clothed, stands with his eyes closed and his palms are facing out to expose stigmata wounds (fig. 9) on his hands as if he is explicitly dauntless and ready to be executed â€Å"again†. In addition, both of them are bare-handed, which bring out an image of innocent and defenceless. Apart from that, the Gao Brothers highlighted the proportion of the figures, which Manet did not. In The Execution of Maximilian, all objects are in same size and eye-level. Contrarily, in The Execution of Christ, the figure of Jesus is slightly smaller than those of the Chairman Maos and projects a visual distortion relative to the power relationships suggested in the formation. It also implies that despite Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao are perceived as sacred and grand icons, it is emphasised Chairman Mao is nobler and more powerful and the drama of overwhelming forces and threats imposed upon the victim. Appreciators experience feelings of panic and shock as they place themselves beside Christ and witness a massive crowd aiming rifles at the viewer at eye-level. Similarities and differences in connotations: Both artists achieved dark humour through utilisation of visual political puns by dressing the soldiers. In The Execution of Maximilian, Manet was inspired by Goya, giving a suggestion to implicate France as the executor. With his reference from a report and photographs in Le Figaro, he set the soldiers uniform to resemble the French uniform and the bullet-riddled clothes that Maximilian had worn. In sheer provocation, he also painted the facial features of the sergeant (fig. 10) holding his musket to resemble those of Napoleon III. On the other hand, in The Execution of Christ, the Gao brothers replaced the soldiers by identical Chairman Maos and implicated the soldiers as identical robots, which were incapable of independent thought and mindlessly following commands, in jest a reflection of the Red Guards17 during the Cultural Revolution. .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postImageUrl , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:visited , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charmion von Wiegand on Mondrian"s New York studio EssayFurthermore, he dressed the Mao soldiers in waggish civilian attire with their belt and pants worn high to mid-chest. Although the Gao Brothers’ cynical humor is portrayed, they accurately show how the real Mao looked during his reign. Interestingly, it seems the awful and violent nature of the firing squad is moderated by the Mao soldiers’ waggish civilian attire as well. In actual fact, based on his self-assuredness and authoritative character, Mao Zedong believed he was the only legitimate leader in China and no one should dare to oppose him. He insisted that the citizens did not have a need for religion and suppressed any public religious practices as well. Suppression of religion was part of the country’s unification plan and one’s need for religious focus was fulfilled with the image of Mao. Therefore, the images of Chairman Mao alluded to not only individually Mao Zedong, but also the cruelty of the Chinese communist government. Similarly, the image of Jesus Christ emphasized and symbolized the martyrdom of the innocent in Cultural Revolution, but not only the particular religion-Christian. By recreating the scene of the crime through The Execution of Christ, the Gao Brothers focused on Mao’s nature-‘malicious cruelty’18 and murder of the innocents in their sculpture, The Execution of Christ and wants to bring Mao back from history into the view of the public for what he really was because some wrongdoings of the Chinese government in the past are still censored. Most important thing is that the Chinese citizens deny those wrongdoings and dont even know the sheer of the history and keep holding on to the Mao’s reign. In addition, compare to Manet’s Execution, The Execution of Christ has the ability to connect with audiences outside their culture in their origin, due to the fact that the Gao Brothers interpreted human emotions through portrayals of expressive facial and body language, a universal language that surpasses all cultural barriers. Regardless of whether an observer had a knowledgeable background in religion or art history, the Gao Brothers provided enough evidence for any observer to postulate the narrative or allegory portrayed in The Execution of Christ. Conclusion To conclude, The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men and have similar visual compositions based on the fact that they are inspired to one another. Also, they both created their works historically and politically provocative ,even though they did not know for certain what, precisely, happened at that time. Due to their own experiences and thoughts, their works appear a different tone and connotation. To a great extent, they look very contemporary is not only the obvious simultaneous with our turbulence society-the malicious consequences of a regime change and military intervention, exacerbated by ignorance of the government. Bibliography: Books Angremy, B. 2006, Photography as an Allegory of Human Emotion, Le Passage du Temps, Galerie Guislain Etat d’Art, Paris, p.130 Bataille, G.1955, Manet., Skira Inc., New York, p.51-53 Hanson, A.C. ,1977, Manet and the modern tradition, Yale University Press, Ltd., London, p. 52,110-114 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1966, Is Manet still Modern?, Art News Annual, p. 111 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1969, Manet and his critics , W.W. Norton Company, Inc. New York, p.81-85 Reff, T., 1982, Manet and modern Paris:, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London W.F. Wong, 2009, New Horizon History: Theme A Modernisation and transformation in Twentieth-Century Asia, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co., p.233,236 Newspaper Articles Online (Anon), 2013. Brothers in Arts,Guernica . 15 November . https://www.guernicamag.com/art/brothers-in-arts/ (Anon.), (n.d.), Conflict and residence: The Execution of Emperor Maximilian. Annenberg Learner . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/index.html (Anon.), (n.d.), In the line of fire: Manets The Execution of Maximilian’ . National Gallery , pp. 3. . Available from: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/paintings-in-depth/in-the-line-of-fire/*/viewPage/3 (Anon.), (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian, Literal Magazine. . Available from:http://www.literalmagazine.com/english_post/the-execution-of-maximilian/ Elderfield, J. , 2007. Soldiers of misfortune. theguardian News . 6 January . Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jan/06/art.art Gietmann, Gerhard. 1911, †Nimbus. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New Advert, . Available from: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11080b.htm Exhibition Catalogues Kejun, Xia. 2010, Losing Mao: The Gao Brothers? Miss Mao Works.The Gao Brothers Grandeur Catharsis. , Kansas City. Field,J, Elderfield, J., Bodinson, S. , 2006, Manet and the Execution of Maximilian, MoMA, . Available from: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2006/Manet/ Sound recording Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 1. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 3 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-1 Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 2. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 6 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-2 Website Gao Brothers. Gao Brothers, n.d. ,n.p., Biography and news . , Available from: http://www.gaobrothers.net Image Figure 1, 5 , 6 and 10: Lessing, E., (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/zoom.html Figure 2, 3, 8 and 9: Showstudio, 2012, The Execution of Christ , published in Huffingtonpost. . Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/31/the-gao-brothers-the-exec_n_1720743.html Figure 4: Museo Nacional del Prado,(n.d.), Galerà ­a online, . Available from: https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/zoom/1/obra/el-3-de-mayo-de-1808-en-madrid-los-fusilamientos-en-la-montana-del-principe-pio/oimg/0/ Figure 7: The Execution of Christ ,(Anon.), (n.d.), published in Ozartsetc News. . Available from: http://www.en.ozartsetc.com/2012/07/10/gao-brothers/

what is HDTV essays

what is HDTV essays What is HDTV? HDTV, the first completely new TV standard since the introduction of the medium in the 40's, allows a picture with much finer visual detail and better color than the NTSC standards used with today's analog TV sets. Pictures can have 3 to 5 times the sharpness of today's broadcasts and no noise or snow. A good analogy is that you can see picture improvement like CD's improved over vinyl records! And speaking of sound, HDTV broadcasts also include CD quality surround sound based on the Dolby Digital (AC3) standard. HDTV sets use a wide screen more like those in movie theaters (16:9 width to height ratio compared to 4:3 today). These new sets may also be compatible with PC's so you may look forward to combination TV/PC applications. Should you put off buying a TV now and wait for the first HDTV sets to hit the market? Good question! We believe the set you buy today will serve you well for many years and that the HDTV experience will take a long time to develop in terms of affordability and programming choices. Aside from our ardent desire to sell TV's this year we think there are a number of facts which support this position: The FCC has mandated that standard TV signals continue to be broadcast through the year 2006 to insure a smooth transition to HDTV. This deadline may be moved back if consumers and/or the Congress protest having to throw away or upgrade their existing sets but it will certainly not be moved forward. The set you buy today will have signals to show for at least nine years! Manufacturer's plan to introduce add-on boxes to allow conventional TV sets to receive and show digital broadcasts. Of course you won't see broadcasts in a wide screen format and you may not see all of the resolution that MAY be broadcast, but you will be able to watch your set beyond 2006 and you can add the converter box at any time before that. Broadcasters outside of the top 30 markets are not mandated to begin ANY di ...

LIVE CELL IMAGING OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS BREACHING THE BARRIER OF Dissertation

LIVE CELL IMAGING OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS BREACHING THE BARRIER OF POLARIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS - Dissertation Example 2.3 Staining with anti-cortactin and phalloidin 15 2.4 Staining with anti-ZO-1 and HOECHST 16 2.5 Extracting GFP and YFP plasmids from C.jejuni for transformations 16 2.6 Transformation of Cj 11168 wt with GFP and YFP plasmids 17 2.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy 18 2.7.1 Specimen preparation for SEM (cultured monolayers) 18 3.0 Results 19 3.1 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 19 Staining with anti-ZO-1 and HOESCHT 23 Figure 11 (A-D) HOESCHT stains blue to visualise the nuclei and ZO-1 stains green to visualize the tight junctions 23 3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 24 3.3 Campylobacter jejuni invasion induces cytoskeletal rearrangement 28 3.4 Campylobacter jejuni invasion causes membrane ruffling 28 3.5 Analysis of wild type and DHtrA mutant C. jejuni by electron microscopy 29 3.2 Campylobacter jejuni invasion is time dependent 29 3.3 Campylobacter jejuni invasion induces cytoskeletal rearrangement 29 3.4 Campylobacter jejuni invasion causes membrane ruffling 30 3.5 Analysis of wild type and DHtrA mutant C. jejuni by electron microscopy 30 3.6 Transformation of Cj 11168 wt with GFP and YFP plasmids 30 4.0 Discussion 31 5.0 Conclusion 34 6.0 References 35 Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is a well known pathogenic bacteria commonly transmitted through contaminated food (Oyarzabal, et al., 2012). Its presence in the human intestinal gut causes disease and is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in human beings. By crossing the polarized epithelial barrier in the gut, it leads to increased damage to intestinal tissue although the exact mechanism by which it accomplishes this is not yet defined (Boehm, 2011). As such, the research aimed to determine this through a series of infection studies. Results of the manner in which C. jejuni breeches the barrier of polarized epithelial cells was captured through the use of high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and confocal microscopy, and the results through various strains of the pathogenic bacteria evaluated. The results of the experiments carried out in this study indicated that invasion of an epithelial cell by C. jejuni causes membrane ruffling and cytoskeletal rear rangement. It also shows that invasion by C. jejuni is time dependent and the number of pathogenic bacteria increases with time. It also shows that C. jejuni strains can also undergo transformation with the GFP and YFP in order to ensure genetic diversity and replication. 1.0 Introduction The human gastrointestinal tract has a mucosal cell layer that forms a strong barrier which protects the body from invasion by pathogenic microbes commonly residing in the intestinal lumen (Boehm et al., 2012). This class of bacteria, commonly referred to as enteric pathogenic bacteria, include Salmonella, Shigella, Heliobacter, and Campylobacter among others possess specific properties that enable them to

Critical Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Marketing - Essay Example An examination of this and other contemporary marketing practices reveals emergent issues that deserve closer inspection in the area of marketing as a discipline. A number of these have already attracted academic investigation but the most important include the advent of the so-called relationship marketing and the increasing focus on ethics and social responsibility. There is, hence, an additional paradigm shift, which is best examined through the critical marketing perspective. Traditional Marketing The traditional marketing mix is composed of the so-called 4Ps, which was introduced by McCarthy back in the 1960s. This doctrine explains how marketing strategies, plans and approaches are designed according to four marketing elements: product, price, place (distribution channel); and, promotion (marketing communication). According to Barker and Angelopulo (2005), the fundamental task of marketing is to combine these four elements into a marketing program so that efficiency in dealing with customers is achieved. (p139) For several decades, this traditional marketing mix, dominated marketing practices because it is aligned with the core marketing principle of consumer-centrism. By 1990s, however, new marketing paradigms began to surface. The usefulness of the 4Ps became suspect as new variables emerge, calling for new marketing models. Day and Montgomery (1999) explained that â€Å"with growing reservation about the validity or the usefulness of the Four Ps concept and its lack of recognition of marketing as an innovating and adaptive force, the Four Ps now are regarded as merely handy framework.† (p3) The development stemmed from the schools and lines of thoughts that were brought about by new practices such as relationship marketing, quality management, market orientation, supply and value chain management, resource management, and networks. (Vargo and Lusch 2004, p1) Specific examples that demonstrate the changing face of marketing today is how digital t echnology revolutionizes the way people behave, interact with each other and their environment and consume products. Social networking websites are cases in point. They best represent the emergence of the so-called digital community through the Internet, which serve as some form of online version of society wherein people live their digital lifestyles: wherein they talk with each other, forge relationships, buy their needs, look for guides and directions, and so forth. These websites introduced new marketing channels. In consideration of the previously cited factors, Vargo and Lusch were able to posit how contemporary marketing has become fragmented. What happened was that the traditional conception of marketing has to be set aside in order to accommodate the requirements and challenges such as those posed by the addition of services and other intangible variables in the marketing practice as the marketplace included ideas and cultural artifacts as products. This is in addition to t he diversity in the roles of several actors and stakeholders in the development process such as institutions, ideologies, and the empowerment consumers. The dynamics of these new changes and how they call for new marketing models are best explained by a critical analysis of marketing. Critical Marketing According to French et al. (2010), critical marketing or the critical analysis

Self-introduction Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-introduction - Personal Statement Example Although I spent much more time than other people in studying, I could not achieve high scores. Fortunately two years ago I chose to continue my education in the U.S., and it was here where my ideas and thoughts about studying changed significantly. First, I realized that as a teenager, studying at school could not be taken for granted. There are many overage students who go back to school after they have already been working in society. Many reasons can be attributed to this phenomenon, but I would say that for most it would be due to financial problems in the family. The fact that some of these people sacrificed their careers in order to receive more education shows how important it is for teenagers to be studying at school. Hence, I must cherish my time studying because I dont want to have to go back and redo it later on. Second, in comparing teaching methods between my home country and the U.S., I would say that here the college professors explored my interest in learning more and made learning fun. Now, although I feel like I have achieved success in college, I believe I must keep stepping forward in my specific field because I understand that knowledge is the most precious property in my life. In view of values, knowledge creates wealth. Therefore, I must prepare well for my future now so that I can reap the benefits once I have finished my education and look to enter the workforce. In the era of the knowledge economy, it is becoming increasingly hard for people to progress without having knowledge. It must be said that no knowledge is worthless because you never know when it will become useful later on. Under the ethos, values, and rights in the United States, I believe that I am more adept to study here instead of my home country. This is because the United States provides many opportunities to students to pursue and fulfill their dreams, something which cannot be applied to every student in my home country. Therefore, I set my

The Secrets of the Lusitania :: essays research papers

The American owner of the ill-fated Lusitania is planning to explore and hopefully salvage the liner, sunk off the south-west coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people. "The Lusitania is probably the most important shipwreck that hasn't been investigated in any detail so far," says Gregg Bemis. And although there are striking similarities between the Lusitania and the Titanic, recently the subject of a major movie, Bemis believes that the Lusitania is "a much more interesting and historical story - and you don't have to make up any phoney romance the way they did with the Titanic." It is a story which involves US President Woodrow Wilson, Winston Churchill and the still unanswered question of what the liner was carrying on board. The Lusitania, pride of the Cunard line, was sailing from New York for the port of Liverpool when a single torpedo from a German U-boat crashed into her hull between the third and fourth funnels. The ship sank in just under 20 minutes. Of those killed, 128 were American citizens, and the incident influenced the eventual US decision to enter the war two years later. It also provoked curiosity and mystery that naval historians have argued over ever since. Was the Lusitania, as the Germans claimed persistently, heavily loaded with Liliya Goldenberg 2 weapons of war? If she was, who tipped Germany off? In addition, did she carry priceless works of art in watertight containers, and what of the six million dollars in gold bullion rumored to have been taken aboard but which was not on the manifest? Following the discharge of the fatal torpedo, there was a second blast deep inside the ship a few minutes later - could this have been a secret cargo of explosives? What is certain is that since the fatal day of May 7, 1915, the wreck of the Lusitania has lain untouched 100 meters deep off the Old Head of Kinsale, a prominent peninsula on Ireland's southern coast. Gregg Bemis is in no doubt that she was carrying weaponry. "She went down in 18 minutes," he says. "That would have been impossible with one torpedo for a ship that size. There were high explosives on board, all right." Bemis also points out that one of those who perished was Sir Hugh Lane, Irish art collector and head of London's National Gallery. He was believed to have had a stack of paintings by Rubens, Titian and Monet on board in watertight

Personal Identity †Philosophy Essay

It is easy to see oneself as the same person we were ten, twenty, or fifty years ago. We can define identity through our physical presence, life experiences, memories, and mental awareness of self. One can testify our persistence as a person through our existence as a person. But what makes us the same person? In this paper, I will argue for the â€Å"simple† view of the persistence of identity – that it is impossible to determine what single thing that makes us the same person over time. I will support my claim with the refutation of the main complex view claims of the body, brain and psychological continuity criterion. Entrenched in the â€Å"simple† view is the idea that personal identity, and the persistence of personal identity, cannot be measured through philosophical discourse or scientific investigation. There are a number of opposing arguments, known as complex theories of personal identity. In each of these arguments, the central claim is that either the body, the brain, or the psychological continuity of an individual determines how they persist as the same person (Garrett, 1998, p 52). To call them complex is a misnomer – for each is far too narrow to properly define and explain personal identity. Complex argument 1– Psychological continuity John Locke defines a person as a ‘thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places’ (Locke, 1689, p 1-6). This statement suggests that, in order to persist as the same person, we must have a mental consciousness which persists through time. We can say that a person is psychologically continuous if they have a mental state that is descendent from their previous mental states. For example, this theory states that a five-year-old will be the same person when they are a 25-year-old, because their mental state in later years is descendent from their earlier years. Counter argument By its very nature, the idea of psychological continuity is flawed. It is not uncommon for an individual’s mental state to be changed so drastically that they could not truly be considered the same person. Several examples have been made by Waller: sufferers of cognitive impairments such as dementia, people who have gone through stressful or traumatic situations, and war eterans that are affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (Waller, 2011, p 198-210). In any of these cases, it would be difficult to argue that the individual has a continuous mental state – more accurate would be to describe them as a â€Å"snap† or â€Å"break† that, effectively, creates a new person. The only conclusion is that these individuals do not persist, as their psychological states become radically different from their previous psychological states. Complex argument 2 – Persistence of the body Another expression of the complex view is the body criterion. Put simply, a person is said to persist if they exist in the same physical body over time. In this case, the previously mentioned dementia or PTSD sufferers would be considered the same people, as their physical body has continued. The theory suggests a â€Å"brute physical relation† between body and identity (Korfmacher, 2006). Without regard for mental state, an individual is considered to have a persistent personal identity as long as their body survives. Counter argument This theory lends itself easily to thought experiments, and they quickly expose some problems. If individual A receives an organ donation from individual B, can it be said that individual A has taken some of B’s identity? Surely not. It would be absurd to suggest that having the kidney or liver of another person would affect one’s persistence as an individual. Similarly, if individual C had their body cloned, it would not make their clone the same person. There is much more to personal identity than can be defined by something so comparatively insignificant as the physical body. Complex argument 3 – Persistence of the brain The brain is the functional centre of the human body; the place where memories are stored, feelings are felt, and environmental signals are processed. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the brain is so often considered to be the â€Å"home† of personal identity. This theory is a staple of many science fiction texts – as a convention, the cognizant â€Å"brain in a jar† or brain transplant recipient is fairly common. Proponents of this â€Å"we are our brains† theory claim that, so long as the brain persists, so does the person. Counter argument This theory seems to refer to consciousness rather than the physicality of the brain, so it is important to make a clarification between the two. Julian Baggini suggests that we should view the relationship between consciousness and identity similarly to the relationship between a musical score and the paper it is written on (Baggini, 2005, pp. 112-114). In other words, the brain is simply a storage space for our memories, thoughts, and self-awareness. Should it not, therefore, be so that an individual could simply persist as a brain in a jar, provided they could be sustained in that state? If the entirety of personal identity is stored in the brain, there must be no need for the rest of the body beyond keeping the brain alive. Such a theory could not possibly be true – life experiences and interactions with the world are such an intrinsic part of identity that we could not persist without them. The theory that consciousness plays a significant role in the persistence of personal identity is appealing, but it can not be said that the brain alone could sustain consciousness. Conclusion  To call the simple view of the persistence of personal identity â€Å"simple† is almost deceptive; deep consideration on the subject quickly turns towards the complex. It is easy to grasp at the categories of body, brain, and mental state, but it would be wrong to say that the persistence of any of those equates to the persistence of an individual. Personal identity is something so much harder to define, and it is harder still to find definitive measures of its continuation. Personal identity is evasive, and fleeting; it is intangible, ever-changing. Its persistence is so much more than can be determined.

Essay on Management, Growing Leaders Study Case - 1030 Words

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