The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay Example For Students

The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay In this essay, the painting-The Execution of Maximilian I and the sculptural installation-The Execution of Christ have been selected to demonstrate how two artworks in different periods can have many similarities yet still hold true to their own beliefs, their relationship with the subject and his or their intended viewing audience to create a definitive style. A French impressionism artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, The Execution of Maximilian I (fig. 1),1868–69, oil on canvas, 99 3/16 x 118 7/8 (252 x 302 cm), Kunsthalle, Mannheim1 and Beijing-based artists, the Gao Brothers’ sculptural installation, The Execution of Christ (fig. ), 2009, bronze, life size, have been selected to represent the historical and contemporary works respectively. We will write a custom essay on The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In The Execution of Maximilian I, Manet depicts a contemporary event of political significance the fatal moment when the idealistic but naive archduke of Austria, Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, was executed alongside two of his generals by Benito Juarez’s Mexican forces in 1867. Clearly, he draws on the model of Goya’s earlier painting, The Third of May (fig. 4), 1808 in which2 the massacre of Spanish nationalists by invading French under the orders of Napoleon I. Hundred years later, the Gao Brothers appropriated from Edouard Manet’s The Execution of Maximilian and created The Execution of Christ (fig. 3). Both works show the executioners at right, the executed at left. But how the scenes are depicted, the tone and mood set by Manet and the Gao Brothers, are distinctly different. The reasons why both artists create the artworks: Before comparing the visual compositions of two artworks,I am going to discuss what causes them to create such works. Firstly, though not generally a politically motivated painter, Manet paint was inspired to make a statement about Maximilian’s execution. As a republican, he disapproved of Napoleon IIIs actions including the controversial French intervention in Mexico3. 4Maximilian, a member of the Hapsburg family of Austria, had been installed in power in Mexico by Napoleon III of France as a ‘puppet emperor’5 with aim of forcing Mexico to pay its foreign debts and establish a European presence there. 6 However, it became a failure miserably, ending with the execution of Maximilian and two of his generals by firing squad on June 19, 1867. It seems Manet was irritated and started work on the depiction of Maximilians execution soon after the first reports of it had reached Paris at the beginning of July 1867. Correspondingly, impact from their horrible family’s 7experience during China’s 1966-1967 Cultural Revolution8 and grievance towards Mao Zedong and the Chinese government, the Gao Brothers create works, notably The Execution of Christ, which ‘ranges from the political and satirical to questions of material and spiritual spaces, and takes a humanitarian stance that questions the role government and the individual play within contemporary Chinese society since 1985. ’ Thus, it can be seen that both of them are critical of the dark reign of the role governments and express their disdain for brutality of significant political incident or war through visual methods ironically, even though they are of different origin and in different period. Similarities and differences in visual compositions and tone: Since the composition of The Execution of Christ is a direct echo of The Execution of Maximilian as noted above, both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men. In The Execution of Maximilian I, there are 3 victims, who are the Emperor Maximilian (fig. ) in the center and his two Mexican ally-generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left facing 7 firing squad, and the former – in a show of dignity and loyalty – movingly clasps his hand in their final moment. Also, to a certain extent, the way Manet has set the scene seems oddly detached from the dreadful violence it implies. This is most obvious in the figure of the sarge on the right, who glances away indifferently and checks his musket while the shots are fired, and the line of rather apathetic spectators (fig. ) and greenery make up a fairly narrow slice of background, separated from the foreground by the high, cool-colored gray wall. To a certain purpose, the wall behind the execution is a bit like the scene of a bullfighting stadium10, suggesting Maximilian and the generals associated with another kind of ritual death. The implication is that Maximilian’s dea th, like his emperorship, was merely a spectacle. Figure 5 Maximilian and his generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left Figure 6 The spectators peers the execution over a high, cool-colored gray wall In other hand, in The Execution of Christ, a portrayal of Jesus replaces the figure of the emperor and it is the only victim placed in the scene. Also, the firing squad are re-made as 7 life size identical Chairman Maos. Meanwhile, the Gao Brothers retains the special setting from Manet’s painting- one of the firing squad stands on the far right checking his rifle, but without spectators over the wall. Instead, we,the appreciators are the spectators to look through the scene, the installation 11. .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postImageUrl , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:visited , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing "Arts of the Contact Zone" EssayEvidently, to a great extent, the above differences between Manet’s Execution and the Gao Brothers’ Execution lies on a simple change of medium, a painting to a piece of sculpture. Having said that, both works depict an similar execution scene, based on their own imagination, the tone of them are slightly different. Despite their aesthetic claims to objectivity, while Gao Brother’s work includes absolute heroes and villains, the tone of Manet’s work remains coolly ambiguous and implicitly critical of Napoleon III. The painting functions almost like reportage as Manet seems to resist taking a definitive stance on the controversial events surrounding Maximilian’s execution. Scholar, Bataille saw it was out of the sentiments,notably the indignation that Manet,a republican artist felt towards his emperor’s colonial machinations12. Scholar, George Hamilton also saw ‘nothing whatever’ to stir ‘our sympathies’13. Unlike Manet’s work, Gao Brother’s work functions as an ‘allegory of human emotions14’. Additionally, The Execution of Christ is more dramatic. Knowing the nature or story of Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao, we, viewers may find interesting in what the Gao brothers convey in their work, s a conflict of God verses a ‘pseudo-God’,a space between life and death, the secular and the religious, but also between presence and absence. What’s more, Manet’s work, it looks like a depiction of the instant of execution at first. Yet only General Mejia, to Maximilians right, seems to have been hit with his head bent backward since across his body, the smoke of the muskets is compacted in an ugly, dark grey to convey the thud of the bullets. Maximilian himself still alive, while the other general, Miramon, remains alert and was about to be the next executed . 15Beside him, the smoke drifts, dispersing in time, transparent in places to the wall behind. Manet shifts temporal as well as spatial relationships, showing us not only the instantaneous moment, but also the moment extended in slow motion, which is quite dynamic. Just the reverse, in Gao Brother’s work, the victim, Jesus hasn’t been executed yet. Whether Jesus will be executed depends on the far right Chairman Mao (fig. 7). As the firing squad pointing their rifles towards Jesus maybe deemed as deterrence to Jesus and Jesus peers down the barrels of eight rifles, it implies that death is present as a kind of sill and crux in which there is a potential for transition, rather than a end violence. Besides, the victims in both works look fearless. In The Execution of Maximilian, although Maximilian and two of his generals are clearly identifiable, comparing to the firing squad, their facial expressions appear vague and hazy. Yet, from their body languages, they seemed fearless facing towards death. Particularly, Maximilian stands slightly frontward his generals as if he is protecting them and his hat cocks upward to frame his head almost like ‘a martyr’s halo16’. Likewise, in The Execution of Christ, the protrusion of the disconcerting pain and sorrowful sadness arises through details of the scars and wrinkles on the face of Jesus (fig. 8). He is petite and barely clothed, stands with his eyes closed and his palms are facing out to expose stigmata wounds (fig. 9) on his hands as if he is explicitly dauntless and ready to be executed â€Å"again†. In addition, both of them are bare-handed, which bring out an image of innocent and defenceless. Apart from that, the Gao Brothers highlighted the proportion of the figures, which Manet did not. In The Execution of Maximilian, all objects are in same size and eye-level. Contrarily, in The Execution of Christ, the figure of Jesus is slightly smaller than those of the Chairman Maos and projects a visual distortion relative to the power relationships suggested in the formation. It also implies that despite Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao are perceived as sacred and grand icons, it is emphasised Chairman Mao is nobler and more powerful and the drama of overwhelming forces and threats imposed upon the victim. Appreciators experience feelings of panic and shock as they place themselves beside Christ and witness a massive crowd aiming rifles at the viewer at eye-level. Similarities and differences in connotations: Both artists achieved dark humour through utilisation of visual political puns by dressing the soldiers. In The Execution of Maximilian, Manet was inspired by Goya, giving a suggestion to implicate France as the executor. With his reference from a report and photographs in Le Figaro, he set the soldiers uniform to resemble the French uniform and the bullet-riddled clothes that Maximilian had worn. In sheer provocation, he also painted the facial features of the sergeant (fig. 10) holding his musket to resemble those of Napoleon III. On the other hand, in The Execution of Christ, the Gao brothers replaced the soldiers by identical Chairman Maos and implicated the soldiers as identical robots, which were incapable of independent thought and mindlessly following commands, in jest a reflection of the Red Guards17 during the Cultural Revolution. .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postImageUrl , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:visited , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charmion von Wiegand on Mondrian"s New York studio EssayFurthermore, he dressed the Mao soldiers in waggish civilian attire with their belt and pants worn high to mid-chest. Although the Gao Brothers’ cynical humor is portrayed, they accurately show how the real Mao looked during his reign. Interestingly, it seems the awful and violent nature of the firing squad is moderated by the Mao soldiers’ waggish civilian attire as well. In actual fact, based on his self-assuredness and authoritative character, Mao Zedong believed he was the only legitimate leader in China and no one should dare to oppose him. He insisted that the citizens did not have a need for religion and suppressed any public religious practices as well. Suppression of religion was part of the country’s unification plan and one’s need for religious focus was fulfilled with the image of Mao. Therefore, the images of Chairman Mao alluded to not only individually Mao Zedong, but also the cruelty of the Chinese communist government. Similarly, the image of Jesus Christ emphasized and symbolized the martyrdom of the innocent in Cultural Revolution, but not only the particular religion-Christian. By recreating the scene of the crime through The Execution of Christ, the Gao Brothers focused on Mao’s nature-‘malicious cruelty’18 and murder of the innocents in their sculpture, The Execution of Christ and wants to bring Mao back from history into the view of the public for what he really was because some wrongdoings of the Chinese government in the past are still censored. Most important thing is that the Chinese citizens deny those wrongdoings and dont even know the sheer of the history and keep holding on to the Mao’s reign. In addition, compare to Manet’s Execution, The Execution of Christ has the ability to connect with audiences outside their culture in their origin, due to the fact that the Gao Brothers interpreted human emotions through portrayals of expressive facial and body language, a universal language that surpasses all cultural barriers. Regardless of whether an observer had a knowledgeable background in religion or art history, the Gao Brothers provided enough evidence for any observer to postulate the narrative or allegory portrayed in The Execution of Christ. Conclusion To conclude, The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men and have similar visual compositions based on the fact that they are inspired to one another. Also, they both created their works historically and politically provocative ,even though they did not know for certain what, precisely, happened at that time. Due to their own experiences and thoughts, their works appear a different tone and connotation. To a great extent, they look very contemporary is not only the obvious simultaneous with our turbulence society-the malicious consequences of a regime change and military intervention, exacerbated by ignorance of the government. Bibliography: Books Angremy, B. 2006, Photography as an Allegory of Human Emotion, Le Passage du Temps, Galerie Guislain Etat d’Art, Paris, p.130 Bataille, G.1955, Manet., Skira Inc., New York, p.51-53 Hanson, A.C. ,1977, Manet and the modern tradition, Yale University Press, Ltd., London, p. 52,110-114 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1966, Is Manet still Modern?, Art News Annual, p. 111 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1969, Manet and his critics , W.W. Norton Company, Inc. New York, p.81-85 Reff, T., 1982, Manet and modern Paris:, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London W.F. Wong, 2009, New Horizon History: Theme A Modernisation and transformation in Twentieth-Century Asia, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co., p.233,236 Newspaper Articles Online (Anon), 2013. Brothers in Arts,Guernica . 15 November . https://www.guernicamag.com/art/brothers-in-arts/ (Anon.), (n.d.), Conflict and residence: The Execution of Emperor Maximilian. Annenberg Learner . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/index.html (Anon.), (n.d.), In the line of fire: Manets The Execution of Maximilian’ . National Gallery , pp. 3. . Available from: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/paintings-in-depth/in-the-line-of-fire/*/viewPage/3 (Anon.), (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian, Literal Magazine. . Available from:http://www.literalmagazine.com/english_post/the-execution-of-maximilian/ Elderfield, J. , 2007. Soldiers of misfortune. theguardian News . 6 January . Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jan/06/art.art Gietmann, Gerhard. 1911, †Nimbus. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New Advert, . Available from: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11080b.htm Exhibition Catalogues Kejun, Xia. 2010, Losing Mao: The Gao Brothers? Miss Mao Works.The Gao Brothers Grandeur Catharsis. , Kansas City. Field,J, Elderfield, J., Bodinson, S. , 2006, Manet and the Execution of Maximilian, MoMA, . Available from: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2006/Manet/ Sound recording Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 1. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 3 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-1 Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 2. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 6 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-2 Website Gao Brothers. Gao Brothers, n.d. ,n.p., Biography and news . , Available from: http://www.gaobrothers.net Image Figure 1, 5 , 6 and 10: Lessing, E., (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/zoom.html Figure 2, 3, 8 and 9: Showstudio, 2012, The Execution of Christ , published in Huffingtonpost. . Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/31/the-gao-brothers-the-exec_n_1720743.html Figure 4: Museo Nacional del Prado,(n.d.), Galerà ­a online, . Available from: https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/zoom/1/obra/el-3-de-mayo-de-1808-en-madrid-los-fusilamientos-en-la-montana-del-principe-pio/oimg/0/ Figure 7: The Execution of Christ ,(Anon.), (n.d.), published in Ozartsetc News. . Available from: http://www.en.ozartsetc.com/2012/07/10/gao-brothers/

what is HDTV essays

what is HDTV essays What is HDTV? HDTV, the first completely new TV standard since the introduction of the medium in the 40's, allows a picture with much finer visual detail and better color than the NTSC standards used with today's analog TV sets. Pictures can have 3 to 5 times the sharpness of today's broadcasts and no noise or snow. A good analogy is that you can see picture improvement like CD's improved over vinyl records! And speaking of sound, HDTV broadcasts also include CD quality surround sound based on the Dolby Digital (AC3) standard. HDTV sets use a wide screen more like those in movie theaters (16:9 width to height ratio compared to 4:3 today). These new sets may also be compatible with PC's so you may look forward to combination TV/PC applications. Should you put off buying a TV now and wait for the first HDTV sets to hit the market? Good question! We believe the set you buy today will serve you well for many years and that the HDTV experience will take a long time to develop in terms of affordability and programming choices. Aside from our ardent desire to sell TV's this year we think there are a number of facts which support this position: The FCC has mandated that standard TV signals continue to be broadcast through the year 2006 to insure a smooth transition to HDTV. This deadline may be moved back if consumers and/or the Congress protest having to throw away or upgrade their existing sets but it will certainly not be moved forward. The set you buy today will have signals to show for at least nine years! Manufacturer's plan to introduce add-on boxes to allow conventional TV sets to receive and show digital broadcasts. Of course you won't see broadcasts in a wide screen format and you may not see all of the resolution that MAY be broadcast, but you will be able to watch your set beyond 2006 and you can add the converter box at any time before that. Broadcasters outside of the top 30 markets are not mandated to begin ANY di ...

LIVE CELL IMAGING OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS BREACHING THE BARRIER OF Dissertation

LIVE CELL IMAGING OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS BREACHING THE BARRIER OF POLARIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS - Dissertation Example 2.3 Staining with anti-cortactin and phalloidin 15 2.4 Staining with anti-ZO-1 and HOECHST 16 2.5 Extracting GFP and YFP plasmids from C.jejuni for transformations 16 2.6 Transformation of Cj 11168 wt with GFP and YFP plasmids 17 2.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy 18 2.7.1 Specimen preparation for SEM (cultured monolayers) 18 3.0 Results 19 3.1 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 19 Staining with anti-ZO-1 and HOESCHT 23 Figure 11 (A-D) HOESCHT stains blue to visualise the nuclei and ZO-1 stains green to visualize the tight junctions 23 3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 24 3.3 Campylobacter jejuni invasion induces cytoskeletal rearrangement 28 3.4 Campylobacter jejuni invasion causes membrane ruffling 28 3.5 Analysis of wild type and DHtrA mutant C. jejuni by electron microscopy 29 3.2 Campylobacter jejuni invasion is time dependent 29 3.3 Campylobacter jejuni invasion induces cytoskeletal rearrangement 29 3.4 Campylobacter jejuni invasion causes membrane ruffling 30 3.5 Analysis of wild type and DHtrA mutant C. jejuni by electron microscopy 30 3.6 Transformation of Cj 11168 wt with GFP and YFP plasmids 30 4.0 Discussion 31 5.0 Conclusion 34 6.0 References 35 Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is a well known pathogenic bacteria commonly transmitted through contaminated food (Oyarzabal, et al., 2012). Its presence in the human intestinal gut causes disease and is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in human beings. By crossing the polarized epithelial barrier in the gut, it leads to increased damage to intestinal tissue although the exact mechanism by which it accomplishes this is not yet defined (Boehm, 2011). As such, the research aimed to determine this through a series of infection studies. Results of the manner in which C. jejuni breeches the barrier of polarized epithelial cells was captured through the use of high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and confocal microscopy, and the results through various strains of the pathogenic bacteria evaluated. The results of the experiments carried out in this study indicated that invasion of an epithelial cell by C. jejuni causes membrane ruffling and cytoskeletal rear rangement. It also shows that invasion by C. jejuni is time dependent and the number of pathogenic bacteria increases with time. It also shows that C. jejuni strains can also undergo transformation with the GFP and YFP in order to ensure genetic diversity and replication. 1.0 Introduction The human gastrointestinal tract has a mucosal cell layer that forms a strong barrier which protects the body from invasion by pathogenic microbes commonly residing in the intestinal lumen (Boehm et al., 2012). This class of bacteria, commonly referred to as enteric pathogenic bacteria, include Salmonella, Shigella, Heliobacter, and Campylobacter among others possess specific properties that enable them to

Critical Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Marketing - Essay Example An examination of this and other contemporary marketing practices reveals emergent issues that deserve closer inspection in the area of marketing as a discipline. A number of these have already attracted academic investigation but the most important include the advent of the so-called relationship marketing and the increasing focus on ethics and social responsibility. There is, hence, an additional paradigm shift, which is best examined through the critical marketing perspective. Traditional Marketing The traditional marketing mix is composed of the so-called 4Ps, which was introduced by McCarthy back in the 1960s. This doctrine explains how marketing strategies, plans and approaches are designed according to four marketing elements: product, price, place (distribution channel); and, promotion (marketing communication). According to Barker and Angelopulo (2005), the fundamental task of marketing is to combine these four elements into a marketing program so that efficiency in dealing with customers is achieved. (p139) For several decades, this traditional marketing mix, dominated marketing practices because it is aligned with the core marketing principle of consumer-centrism. By 1990s, however, new marketing paradigms began to surface. The usefulness of the 4Ps became suspect as new variables emerge, calling for new marketing models. Day and Montgomery (1999) explained that â€Å"with growing reservation about the validity or the usefulness of the Four Ps concept and its lack of recognition of marketing as an innovating and adaptive force, the Four Ps now are regarded as merely handy framework.† (p3) The development stemmed from the schools and lines of thoughts that were brought about by new practices such as relationship marketing, quality management, market orientation, supply and value chain management, resource management, and networks. (Vargo and Lusch 2004, p1) Specific examples that demonstrate the changing face of marketing today is how digital t echnology revolutionizes the way people behave, interact with each other and their environment and consume products. Social networking websites are cases in point. They best represent the emergence of the so-called digital community through the Internet, which serve as some form of online version of society wherein people live their digital lifestyles: wherein they talk with each other, forge relationships, buy their needs, look for guides and directions, and so forth. These websites introduced new marketing channels. In consideration of the previously cited factors, Vargo and Lusch were able to posit how contemporary marketing has become fragmented. What happened was that the traditional conception of marketing has to be set aside in order to accommodate the requirements and challenges such as those posed by the addition of services and other intangible variables in the marketing practice as the marketplace included ideas and cultural artifacts as products. This is in addition to t he diversity in the roles of several actors and stakeholders in the development process such as institutions, ideologies, and the empowerment consumers. The dynamics of these new changes and how they call for new marketing models are best explained by a critical analysis of marketing. Critical Marketing According to French et al. (2010), critical marketing or the critical analysis

Self-introduction Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-introduction - Personal Statement Example Although I spent much more time than other people in studying, I could not achieve high scores. Fortunately two years ago I chose to continue my education in the U.S., and it was here where my ideas and thoughts about studying changed significantly. First, I realized that as a teenager, studying at school could not be taken for granted. There are many overage students who go back to school after they have already been working in society. Many reasons can be attributed to this phenomenon, but I would say that for most it would be due to financial problems in the family. The fact that some of these people sacrificed their careers in order to receive more education shows how important it is for teenagers to be studying at school. Hence, I must cherish my time studying because I dont want to have to go back and redo it later on. Second, in comparing teaching methods between my home country and the U.S., I would say that here the college professors explored my interest in learning more and made learning fun. Now, although I feel like I have achieved success in college, I believe I must keep stepping forward in my specific field because I understand that knowledge is the most precious property in my life. In view of values, knowledge creates wealth. Therefore, I must prepare well for my future now so that I can reap the benefits once I have finished my education and look to enter the workforce. In the era of the knowledge economy, it is becoming increasingly hard for people to progress without having knowledge. It must be said that no knowledge is worthless because you never know when it will become useful later on. Under the ethos, values, and rights in the United States, I believe that I am more adept to study here instead of my home country. This is because the United States provides many opportunities to students to pursue and fulfill their dreams, something which cannot be applied to every student in my home country. Therefore, I set my

The Secrets of the Lusitania :: essays research papers

The American owner of the ill-fated Lusitania is planning to explore and hopefully salvage the liner, sunk off the south-west coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people. "The Lusitania is probably the most important shipwreck that hasn't been investigated in any detail so far," says Gregg Bemis. And although there are striking similarities between the Lusitania and the Titanic, recently the subject of a major movie, Bemis believes that the Lusitania is "a much more interesting and historical story - and you don't have to make up any phoney romance the way they did with the Titanic." It is a story which involves US President Woodrow Wilson, Winston Churchill and the still unanswered question of what the liner was carrying on board. The Lusitania, pride of the Cunard line, was sailing from New York for the port of Liverpool when a single torpedo from a German U-boat crashed into her hull between the third and fourth funnels. The ship sank in just under 20 minutes. Of those killed, 128 were American citizens, and the incident influenced the eventual US decision to enter the war two years later. It also provoked curiosity and mystery that naval historians have argued over ever since. Was the Lusitania, as the Germans claimed persistently, heavily loaded with Liliya Goldenberg 2 weapons of war? If she was, who tipped Germany off? In addition, did she carry priceless works of art in watertight containers, and what of the six million dollars in gold bullion rumored to have been taken aboard but which was not on the manifest? Following the discharge of the fatal torpedo, there was a second blast deep inside the ship a few minutes later - could this have been a secret cargo of explosives? What is certain is that since the fatal day of May 7, 1915, the wreck of the Lusitania has lain untouched 100 meters deep off the Old Head of Kinsale, a prominent peninsula on Ireland's southern coast. Gregg Bemis is in no doubt that she was carrying weaponry. "She went down in 18 minutes," he says. "That would have been impossible with one torpedo for a ship that size. There were high explosives on board, all right." Bemis also points out that one of those who perished was Sir Hugh Lane, Irish art collector and head of London's National Gallery. He was believed to have had a stack of paintings by Rubens, Titian and Monet on board in watertight

Personal Identity †Philosophy Essay

It is easy to see oneself as the same person we were ten, twenty, or fifty years ago. We can define identity through our physical presence, life experiences, memories, and mental awareness of self. One can testify our persistence as a person through our existence as a person. But what makes us the same person? In this paper, I will argue for the â€Å"simple† view of the persistence of identity – that it is impossible to determine what single thing that makes us the same person over time. I will support my claim with the refutation of the main complex view claims of the body, brain and psychological continuity criterion. Entrenched in the â€Å"simple† view is the idea that personal identity, and the persistence of personal identity, cannot be measured through philosophical discourse or scientific investigation. There are a number of opposing arguments, known as complex theories of personal identity. In each of these arguments, the central claim is that either the body, the brain, or the psychological continuity of an individual determines how they persist as the same person (Garrett, 1998, p 52). To call them complex is a misnomer – for each is far too narrow to properly define and explain personal identity. Complex argument 1– Psychological continuity John Locke defines a person as a ‘thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places’ (Locke, 1689, p 1-6). This statement suggests that, in order to persist as the same person, we must have a mental consciousness which persists through time. We can say that a person is psychologically continuous if they have a mental state that is descendent from their previous mental states. For example, this theory states that a five-year-old will be the same person when they are a 25-year-old, because their mental state in later years is descendent from their earlier years. Counter argument By its very nature, the idea of psychological continuity is flawed. It is not uncommon for an individual’s mental state to be changed so drastically that they could not truly be considered the same person. Several examples have been made by Waller: sufferers of cognitive impairments such as dementia, people who have gone through stressful or traumatic situations, and war eterans that are affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (Waller, 2011, p 198-210). In any of these cases, it would be difficult to argue that the individual has a continuous mental state – more accurate would be to describe them as a â€Å"snap† or â€Å"break† that, effectively, creates a new person. The only conclusion is that these individuals do not persist, as their psychological states become radically different from their previous psychological states. Complex argument 2 – Persistence of the body Another expression of the complex view is the body criterion. Put simply, a person is said to persist if they exist in the same physical body over time. In this case, the previously mentioned dementia or PTSD sufferers would be considered the same people, as their physical body has continued. The theory suggests a â€Å"brute physical relation† between body and identity (Korfmacher, 2006). Without regard for mental state, an individual is considered to have a persistent personal identity as long as their body survives. Counter argument This theory lends itself easily to thought experiments, and they quickly expose some problems. If individual A receives an organ donation from individual B, can it be said that individual A has taken some of B’s identity? Surely not. It would be absurd to suggest that having the kidney or liver of another person would affect one’s persistence as an individual. Similarly, if individual C had their body cloned, it would not make their clone the same person. There is much more to personal identity than can be defined by something so comparatively insignificant as the physical body. Complex argument 3 – Persistence of the brain The brain is the functional centre of the human body; the place where memories are stored, feelings are felt, and environmental signals are processed. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the brain is so often considered to be the â€Å"home† of personal identity. This theory is a staple of many science fiction texts – as a convention, the cognizant â€Å"brain in a jar† or brain transplant recipient is fairly common. Proponents of this â€Å"we are our brains† theory claim that, so long as the brain persists, so does the person. Counter argument This theory seems to refer to consciousness rather than the physicality of the brain, so it is important to make a clarification between the two. Julian Baggini suggests that we should view the relationship between consciousness and identity similarly to the relationship between a musical score and the paper it is written on (Baggini, 2005, pp. 112-114). In other words, the brain is simply a storage space for our memories, thoughts, and self-awareness. Should it not, therefore, be so that an individual could simply persist as a brain in a jar, provided they could be sustained in that state? If the entirety of personal identity is stored in the brain, there must be no need for the rest of the body beyond keeping the brain alive. Such a theory could not possibly be true – life experiences and interactions with the world are such an intrinsic part of identity that we could not persist without them. The theory that consciousness plays a significant role in the persistence of personal identity is appealing, but it can not be said that the brain alone could sustain consciousness. Conclusion  To call the simple view of the persistence of personal identity â€Å"simple† is almost deceptive; deep consideration on the subject quickly turns towards the complex. It is easy to grasp at the categories of body, brain, and mental state, but it would be wrong to say that the persistence of any of those equates to the persistence of an individual. Personal identity is something so much harder to define, and it is harder still to find definitive measures of its continuation. Personal identity is evasive, and fleeting; it is intangible, ever-changing. Its persistence is so much more than can be determined.